Hepatitis B virus genotypes prevalence in patients from hepatology services in Ceará, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a public health problem; therefore, we aimed to report HBV genotypes in Ceará, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 103 HBsAg-positive samples were subjected to HBV genotyping and subgenotyping. RESULTS: The following genetic compositions of samples were found: F-54% (F2-83.33%), A-40% (A1-65%), D-6%, C2-1%, E-1%, and G-1%. CONCLUSIONS: Some genotypes are only prevalent in certain parts of the world; however, the State of Ceará is a hub for migration and has one of the most important liver transplantation centers in Brazil, which can explain the prevalence of the F genotype.

Hepatitis B virus genotypes prevalence in patients from hepatology services in Ceará, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a public health problem; therefore, we aimed to report HBV genotypes in Ceará, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 103 HBsAg-positive samples were subjected to HBV genotyping and subgenotyping. RESULTS: The following genetic compositions of samples were found: F-54% (F2-83.33%), A-40% (A1-65%), D-6%, C2-1%, E-1%, and G-1%. CONCLUSIONS: Some genotypes are only prevalent in certain parts of the world; however, the State of Ceará is a hub for migration and has one of the most important liver transplantation centers in Brazil, which can explain the prevalence of the F genotype.

Effectiveness of first-wave protease inhibitors in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection: a multicenter study in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: In 2013, combination therapy using peginterferon, ribavirin, and boceprevir or telaprevir was introduced to treat hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection in Brazil. The effectiveness of this therapy in four Brazilian regions was evaluated. METHODS: Clinical and virological data were obtained from patients of public health institutions in five cities, including sustained virological response (SVR) and side effects. Patients with advanced fibrosis (F3/4), moderate fibrosis (F2) for > 3 years, or extra-hepatic manifestations were treated according to Ministry of Health protocol. Treatment effectiveness was verified by using bivariate and multivariate analysis; p-values of < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Of 275 patients (64.7% men; average age, 57 years old), most (61.8%) were treatment-experienced; 53.9% had subgenotype 1a infection, 85.1% had advanced fibrosis, and 85.5% were treated with telaprevir. SVR was observed in 54.2%. Rapid virological response (RVR) was observed in 54.6% of patients (data available for 251 patients). Overall, 87.5% reported side effects and 42.5% did not complete treatment. Skin rash, severe infection, and death occurred in 17.8%, 2.5%, and death in 1.4% of cases, respectively. SVR was associated with treatment completion, RVR, and anemia. CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of hepatitis C virus triple therapy was lower than that reported in phase III clinical trials, possibly owing to the prioritized treatment of patients with advanced liver fibrosis. The high frequency of side effects and treatment interruptions observed supported the decision of the Brazilian authorities to suspend its use when safer and more effective drugs became available in 2015.

Effectiveness of first-wave protease inhibitors in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection: a multicenter study in Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: In 2013, combination therapy using peginterferon, ribavirin, and boceprevir or telaprevir was introduced to treat hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection in Brazil. The effectiveness of this therapy in four Brazilian regions was evaluated. METHODS: Clinical and virological data were obtained from patients of public health institutions in five cities, including sustained virological response (SVR) and side effects. Patients with advanced fibrosis (F3/4), moderate fibrosis (F2) for > 3 years, or extra-hepatic manifestations were treated according to Ministry of Health protocol. Treatment effectiveness was verified by using bivariate and multivariate analysis; p-values of < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Of 275 patients (64.7% men; average age, 57 years old), most (61.8%) were treatment-experienced; 53.9% had subgenotype 1a infection, 85.1% had advanced fibrosis, and 85.5% were treated with telaprevir. SVR was observed in 54.2%. Rapid virological response (RVR) was observed in 54.6% of patients (data available for 251 patients). Overall, 87.5% reported side effects and 42.5% did not complete treatment. Skin rash, severe infection, and death occurred in 17.8%, 2.5%, and death in 1.4% of cases, respectively. SVR was associated with treatment completion, RVR, and anemia. CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of hepatitis C virus triple therapy was lower than that reported in phase III clinical trials, possibly owing to the prioritized treatment of patients with advanced liver fibrosis. The high frequency of side effects and treatment interruptions observed supported the decision of the Brazilian authorities to suspend its use when safer and more effective drugs became available in 2015.

Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1α-Mutated Hepatocellular Adenomas: An Atypical Presentation.

Hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs) are rare benign monoclonal hepatic tumors that commonly occur in females (3-4 per 100,000 women) due to the use of oral contraceptives, its primary risk factor. Recently, HCAs have been classified into 4 distinct subtypes according to genotypic and phenotypic characteristics and clinical features: inflammatory HCA (40-50%), which are hypervascular with marked peliosis and a tendency to bleed; hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1A)-mutated HCA (H-HCA, 30-40%) that are diffusely steatotic and rarely undergo malignant transformation; ß-catenin activated HCA (10-15%), which frequently undergo malignant transformation and may seem hepatocellular carcinoma on imaging; and unclassified HCA (10-25%). In this study, we report the case of a 23-year-old female oral contraceptive user with H-HCA. Usually, H-HCA is considered to be nonsevere in most cases and often requires outpatient follow-up. However, in this case, the injury had substantially increased in volume and evolved with a major bleeding frame, which was an unusual finding for this subtype of adenoma. The therapeutic used for this patient was a laparoscopic left hepatic segmentectomy. Thus, the choice of treatment to be performed in a patient with H-HCA can depend on the tumor size (>5 cm), the outcome of previous bleeding, and the risk of bleeding recurrence.

The spectrum of non alcoholic fatty liver disease in morbidly obese patients: prevalence and associate risk factors.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery and to identify risk factors associated with the disease spectrum. METHODS: Liver biopsy was performed in 60 patients who underwent bariatric surgery, after other causes of liver disease were excluded. Clinical, biochemical and histological features were evaluated. RESULTS: NAFLD was detected in fifty-seven patients (95%) of the sample and forty patients (66.7%) of the total sample met the criteria for NASH. Perisinusoidal fibrosis was only found in three (7.5%) patients with NASH. The γGT was an independent predictive factor associated with the degree of hepatic steatosis. The variables such as dyslipidemia and ALT were independently associated with the presence of Mallory's corpuscles with the following values, respectively, OR 0, 05, 95% CI 0.002 to 0.75, P = 0.031 and OR 10, 99, 95% CI 1.44 to 83.93, P = 0.021. CONCLUSIONS: Non alcoholic fatty liver disease seems to be an obese-related condition with approximately half of asymptomatic morbidly obese patients having histological NASH. The γGT was an independent predictor of the degree of steatosis.

The spectrum of non alcoholic fatty liver disease in morbidly obese patients: prevalence and associate risk factors

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery and to identify risk factors associated with the disease spectrum. METHODS: Liver biopsy was performed in 60 patients who underwent bariatric surgery, after other causes of liver disease were excluded. Clinical, biochemical and histological features were evaluated. RESULTS: NAFLD was detected in fifty-seven patients (95%) of the sample and forty patients (66.7%) of the total sample met the criteria for NASH. Perisinusoidal fibrosis was only found in three (7.5%) patients with NASH. The γGT was an independent predictive factor associated with the degree of hepatic steatosis. The variables such as dyslipidemia and ALT were independently associated with the presence of Mallory's corpuscles with the following values, respectively, OR 0, 05, 95% CI 0.002 to 0.75, P = 0.031 and OR 10, 99, 95% CI 1.44 to 83.93, P = 0.021. CONCLUSIONS: Non alcoholic fatty liver disease seems to be an obese-related condition with approximately half of asymptomatic morbidly obese patients having histological NASH. The γGT was an independent predictor of the degree of steatosis.

Evolução inesperada em um paciente com cirrose hepática, ascite refratária e peritonite bacteriana espontânea de repetição / Unexpected evolution in a patient with liver cirrhosis, refractory acite, and repeated spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Introdução: A combinação de cirrose hepática, ascite refratária e peritonite bacteriana espontânea (PBE) de repetição tem prognostico ruim e alta mortalidade. O transplante hepático é a única terapeutica atualmente disponível para esses pacientes. O objetivo é decrever uma evolução inesperada, com sobrevida em longo prazo sem transplante hepático, em um paciente com cirrose alcoólica, ascite refratária e PBE de repetição. Descrição: Paciente masculinoa, 44 anos, com cirrose alcoólica, ascite refratária e PEB de repetição. Apresentava MELD 22 e CHILD c12. Nos 18 mese anteriores, havia sido internado 10 vezes devido principalmente a PBE e encefalopatia e havia realizado 56 paracenteses de alívio. Após um mês em lista de espera, o paciente foi admitdio para transplante. Entretanto, durante o procedimento não foi possível abordar a topografia hepatica, devido a multiplas aderências ao redor do fígado. Diante da impossibilidade técnica realizou-se apenas limpeza ampla da cavidade abdominal. Inesperadamente, mais de 50 meses após a tentativa do transplante, o paciente continua vivo, com MELD 17 e CHILD B8 atuais. Discussão: O transplante hepático talvez seja a única terapêutica curativa atualmente disponível em pacientes com cirrose avançada, PBE de repetição e ascite refratária. Contudo, este relato mostra uma evolução inesperada em um paciente com essas co-morbidades que, mesmo sem transplante, evolui bem, com sobreida em longo prazo.

[Prevalence and associated factors to hepatitis C in hemodialysis patients in Brazil]. / Prevalência e fatores associados à hepatite C em pacientes de hemodiálise.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is higher in patients on hemodialysis than in the general population, probably due to greater exposure to risk situations. The purposes of the study were to determine anti-HCV antibodies prevalence among hemodialysis patients and dialysis clinics and patients factors associated with HCV transmission. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 752 hemodialysis patients in all 12 dialysis clinics of Fortaleza, Brazil, and were screened using third generation ELISA. Sociodemographic, clinical, and epidemiological data of 663 patients were collected through interviews. Nosocomial factors were assessed using a specific questionnaire tool. Statistical analysis was conducted using Student's t test, odds ratio and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of anti-HCV was 52% (390/746; ranged from 6% to 72%). The anti-HCV positivity was higher in patients who had previous peritoneal dialysis (OR=1.76; 95% CI 1.12-2.76) and blood transfusion (OR=2.75; 95% CI 1.25-6.03). Dialysis age has been associated with anti-HCV positivity (OR=1.47; 95% CI 1.35-1.61). Clinics practices associated with anti-HCV positivity were: previous preparing of heparin (OR=2.92; 95% CI 1.23-6.92), failure in gloves use or change (OR=5.73; 95% CI 1.75-18.72), unsatisfactory dialysis machine disinfection (OR=2.79; 95% CI 1.57-4.96), and patient isolation in dialysis room (OR=0.18; 95% CI 0.05-0.61). CONCLUSIONS: The results show high anti-HCV prevalence among hemodialysis patients and the association of nosocomial factors with new HCV infection cases.

Prevalência e fatores associados à hepatite C em pacientes de hemodiálise / Prevalence and associated factors to hepatitis C in hemodialysis patients in Brazil

OBJETIVO: A prevalência da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C (VHC) é maior em pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise que na população em geral, possivelmente refletindo maior exposição a situações de risco. O estudo realizado teve por objetivo determinar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-VHC em pacientes em hemodiálise e identificar fatores relacionados às clínicas e aos pacientes, associados à transmissão do VHC. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo transversal em 752 pacientes em hemodiálise em todas as 12 clínicas de Fortaleza, Ceará. Eles foram testados com anticorpos anti-VHC por ELISA de terceira geração. Foram entrevistados 663 pacientes quanto a aspectos sociodemográficos, clínicos e epidemiológicos. Fatores nosocomiais foram investigados utilizando-se questionário específico. Para a análise estatística foram aplicados o teste t de Student, o odds ratio e a regressão logística univariada e multivariada. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de anti-VHC foi de 52 por cento (390/746; variando de 6 por cento a 72 por cento). A freqüência de infecção foi maior em pacientes previamente submetidos à diálise peritoneal (OR=1,76; IC 95 por cento 1,12-2,76) e a transfusões de sangue (OR=2,75; IC 95 por cento 1,25-6,03). O tempo de hemodiálise associou-se com positividade do anti-VHC (OR=1,47; IC 95 por cento 1,35-1,61). Procedimentos nas clínicas associados à positividade do anti-VHC foram preparo prévio de heparina (OR=2,92; IC 95 por cento 1,23-6,92), falha no uso ou troca de luvas (OR=5,73; IC 95 por cento 1,75-18,72), desinfecção de máquinas de diálise (OR=2,79; IC 95 por cento 1,57-4,96) e segregação em sala de diálise (OR=0,18; IC 95 por cento 0,05-0,61). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostraram elevada prevalência de anti-VHC em pacientes sob hemodiálise e a associação de fatores de transmissão nosocomial com a infecção pelo VHC.

Valor da ultra-sonografia abdominal com transdutor multifreqüencial de 5 a 10 mhz no diagnóstico de apendicite / The role of abdominal ultrasonography using 5-10 MHz multifrequency transducers in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis

Neste trabalho procura-se estabelecer o valor da ultra-sonografia no diagnóstico de apendicite, com transdutor multifreqüencial de 5 a 10 MHz. Foi realizado estudo transversal de casos consecutivos de 240 pacientes, de abril de 1996 a setembro de 1998, com suspeita de apendicite. Os critérios ecográficos de apendicite foram apêndice não-compressível e com espessura acima de 6,0 mm, com ou sem apendicólito e/ou coleção. O padrão ouro utilizado foram achados cirúrgicos e acompanhamento clínico durante um ano. A prevalência de apendicite foi de 59 por cento. A ultra-sonografia mostrou sensibilidade de 90 por cento, especificidade de 97 por cento, acurácia de 93 por cento, valor preditivo positivo de 98 por cento e valor preditivo negativo de 87 por cento, tendo ocorrido 2,4 por cento de falso-positivos e 13 por cento de falso-negativos. O ultra-som com transdutor multifreqüencial de 5 a 10 MHz mostra-se um método muito eficaz no diagnóstico de apendicite.

Doença de Wilson e gravidez: relato de caso / Pregnancy and Wilson's disease: a case report

A doença de Wilson (degeneração hepatolenticular) é distúrbio autossômico recessivo raro que usualmente ocorre entre a primeira e terceira décadas de vida. Caracteriza-se por depósito excessivo de cobre no fígado e cérebro e é fatal se não diagnosticada e tratada precocemente. Os autores descrevem um caso de gravidez e doença de Wilson, mostrando a evolução satisfatória de uma paciente que fez uso da D-penicilamina até a sétima semana de gestação, quando a suspendeu por conta própria, e após a vigésima semana gestacional. A mãe evoluiu sem sinais de descompensação clínica ou obstétrica. O recém-nascido não apresentou nenhuma intercorrência e encontrava-se bem no final do primeiro ano de vida.

Disturbios motores gastroesofagianos / Gastroesophageal motors disorders

Neste trabalho de atualizaçao foram selecionadas patologias importantes que apresentam disturbios motores esofagianos e ou gastricos entre as suas manifestaçoes clinicas, com implicaçoes diagnosticas e terapeuticas.As patologias aqui estudadas sao de grande importancia na pratica medica diaria.

Alteraçöes histológicas hepáticas na leptospirose: estudo em material de autópsia / Liver histological changes in leptospirosis: study in biopsy material

Foram estudadas as alteraçöes histológicas hepáticas de 16 casos fatais de leptospirose, 87,5% do sexo masculino com idade média de 48,3 anos e tempo médio de evoluçäo de 11,3 dias. Um caso estava associado à cirrose e outro à hepatite alcoólica, ambos com lesöes mais acentuadas que os demais. Alteraçöes degenerativas colestáticas centrolobulares e destrabeculaçäo hepatocitária foram constantes. Destacamos a presença de polimorfonucleares intra-sinusoidais e intraductais, proliferaçäo ductal e ductular, colestase periportal com trombos canaliculares, vacuolizaçäo nuclear tipo glicogênica, brotamentos nucleares, eritrolinfofagocitose e depósito de fibrina nas veias centrolobulares por constituírem achados freqüentes e näo comumente relacionados à leptospirose